Ivory Funnel
Distribution
North America and Europe (widespread), extending into temperate regions of Asia and South America. Very common throughout Britain, Ireland, and continental Europe.
Habitat
Saprobic in grassy and disturbed habitats. Commonly found in parks, lawns, playing fields, pastures, and roadside verges. Prefers unimproved (non-fertilized) grassland. Often grows in fairy rings or troops in short grass.
Season
Summer through late autumn (June to November in the Northern Hemisphere).
Toxin Type
Muscarine
Symptoms
Overview: Muscarinic syndrome (SLUDGE syndrome: Salivation, Lacrimation, Urination, Diaphoresis, GI upset, Emesis) with rapid onset. Mechanism: Muscarine binds to muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in the peripheral nervous system, causing overstimulation of glands, smooth muscles, and cardiac tissue. Onset: Very rapid - within 15-30 minutes of ingestion. Symptoms: Excessive salivation (hypersalivation), profuse sweating, excessive tearing (lacrimation), nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, diarrhea, increased urination. In severe cases: blurred vision (from miosis), laboured breathing (bronchoconstriction), bradycardia (dangerously slow heart rate), and respiratory failure. Treatment: Atropine is the specific antidote, administered until symptoms are abolished.